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  Chapter 11: Relative clauses
11
11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
11.1.4

11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.2.4

11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.2.1
11.3.2.1.1
11.3.2.1.2
11.3.2.2
11.3.2.3

11.4
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.5

11.5
11.5.1
11.5.2
11.5.3
11.5.4
11.5.5
11.5.6
11.5.6.1
11.5.6.2
11.5.6.3
11.5.6.4
11.5.6.5
11.5.6.6
11.5.6.7

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.8.1

11.9
11.9.1
11.9.2

11.10
11.10.1
11.10.2
11.10.3
11.10.4
11.10.5
Relative clauses
Introduction
Competing systems within the relative pronouns
Function of the relative pronoun needs to be considered
Relative pronouns can refer to one noun or a context
Relative pronouns in connection with prepositions

Relative pronouns qui and que
Relative pronoun is subject of the relative clause: qui
Preposition and relative pronoun
Relative pronoun is direct object of the relative clause: que
Preposition + que

Relative pronouns : lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles
Formation of relative pronouns: lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lequelles
Use of relative pronouns: lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles
Qui is only seldom substituted by lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles
...in the non-restrictive relative clause
...differences in non-restrictive and restrictive relative clauses
lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles cannot be direct object of the relative clause
lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles in connection with a preposition

Relative pronoun dont
dont in the meaning of whose
dont in the meaning of about which / about + artcle
dont in the meaning of of which / of + article
dont in the meaning of among which
dont in the meaning of on + article / for + article / before + article

Substitutions - dont , duquel / de laquelle / desquels / desquelles, de qui
When dont substitutes de of an opening phrase
When dont is used as whose
When dont is used as of which / of + article
When dont is used with any other preposition except de
Special cases for references
Summary substitutions
Examples group a)
Examples group b)
Examples group c)
Examples group d)
Examples group e)
Examples group f)
Examples group g)

Où as relative pronoun
dont , où, dans lequel / laquelle / lesquels / lesquelles, que
Quoi as relative pronoun
Quoi for referring of something not belonging to the sentence structure

Referring to something indefinite celui / celle / ceux / celles
... first pattern
... second patterns


Exerciseen
Exercise1: Subject or direct object
Exercise 2: Dative
Exercise 3: Relative pronouns with prepositions
Exercise 4: Relative pronouns with context
Exercise 5: ce, quelque chose, la seule chose, tout, rien


  Chapter 12: Conjunctions
12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3
12.3.4
12.3.5
12.3.6
12.3.7
12.3.8
12.3.9
12.3.10
12.3.11
12.3.12

12.4
12.4.1
12.4.2
12.4.3
12.4.4
12.4.5
12.4.6
12.4.7
12.4.8
12.4.9
12.4.10
12.4.11
12.4.12
12.4.13
12.4.14
12.4.15
12.4.16
12.4.17

Conjunctions
Conjunctions, adverbs, pronouns
Simple and compound conjunctions
Conjunctions of numeration, choice, exception
et = and
de plus = what's more, moreover, furthermore
en plus = what's more, moreover, furthermore
en outre = what's more, moreover, furthermore
outre que = except
non seulement. mais encore = not only ... but also
non seulement. mais assi = not only ... but also
de surcroît = moreover, furthermore, as well

d'ailleurs = apart from that
ou = or
ou... ou... = either ... or
ou bien = either ... or...

Adverbs and adverbial clauses that can - like conjunctions - form logical structures
en fait = basically

tout au moins = at least
au moins = at least
tout au plus = at most
plus exactement = more precisely
à vrai dire = more precisely
c'est ainsi que = on this route
ainsi que = as, like
c'est le cas de = that's the case
en particulier = especially
notamment = especially
à ce propos = regarding
mieux encore = in other words
autrement dit = differently said
en d'autres termes = in other words
en effet = in fact
c'est ainsi que = so

 
12.5
12.5.1
12.5.2
12.5.3
12.5.4
12.5.5
12.5.6
12.5.7
12.5.8
12.5.9
12.5.10
12.5.11
12.5.12
12.5.13
12.5.14
12.5.15
12.5.16

12.6
12.6.1
12.6.2
12.6.3
12.6.4
12.6.5
12.6.6
12.6.7
12.6.8
12.6.9

Conjunctions creating connections and comparisons
autant que = exactly like
d' autant plus ... que = the ... the
de même que / aussie bien que = as well as
de la même façon = the same way
parallèlement = in parallel
pareillement / de même = likewise, equally
par analogie = analogue
d'une part... d'autre part = on the one hand ... on the other
suivant que = depending on
surtout que = especially, since
en tant que = as
selon = according to
plus que = more than
dans la mesure où = thus far
à mesure que = as
au fur et à mesure que = equally

Conjunctions of cause
car = because, since
parce que = because, since
puisque = as, since
comme = as
ainsi = hence
non (pas) parce que = not because
par grâce à = thanks to
en raison de = due to
c'est pourquoi = because of, based on
 
12.7
12.7.1
12.7.2
12.7.3

12.8
12.8.1
12.8.2
12.8.3
12.8.4
12.8.5
12.8.6

12.9
12.9.1
12.9.2
12.9.3
12.9.4
12.9.5
12.9.6
12.9.7
12.9.8
12.9.9
12.9.10
Conjunctions of condition
si = if
lorsque = when
si ... que = in case ... then

Conjunctions of effect
au point que = in such a way that /so that
tant et si bien que = in such a way that / so that
du fait de = base on
si bien que = so that
en conséquence = therefore
sous prétexte que = under the pretext

Conjunktionen of time and sequence
quand = when
au moment où = in the moment when
depuis que = since
premièrement, deuxièmement = first, second
puis = then
ensuite = then
avant tout, d'abord = above all
en premier lieu = firstly, above all
a peine... que = hardly
après avoir souligné = after stressing that...
 
12.10
12.10.1
12.10.2
12.10.3
12.10.4
12.10.5
12.10.6
12.10.7
12.10.8
12.10.9
12.10.10
12.10.11
12.10.12
12.10.13
12.10.14
12.10.15
12.10.16
12.10.17
12.10.18
12.10.19
12.10.20
12.10.21
12.10.22
12.10.23
12.10.24
12.10.25
12.10.26
12.10.27
12.10.28
12.10.29
12.10.30
12.10.31
12.10.32
12.10.33
12.10.34
12.10.35
12.10.36
12.10.37
12.10.38
12.10.39
12.10.40
12.10.41
12.10.42
12.10.43
12.10.44
12.10.45
12.10.46
12.10.47
12.10.48
12.10.49
12.10.50
12.10.51
12.10.52
12.10.53
12.10.54
Conjunctions of contradiction and doubt
malgré = despite
en dépit de = despite
quelque soit = however
même si = even if
au lieu de = instead of
loin de = far from
toutefois = however
peut-être = maybe, possibly
après avoir souligné = after stressing that
ou... ou = either ... or
l' un ... l' autre = the one ... the other
d' autre part = on the other hand
voire, même = even
non seulement ... mais encore = not only ... but also
mais en réalité = but in reality
plutôt que = instead of
d'un côté. de l'autre ... = on the one side, on the other side
mais = but
cependant = meanwhile
pourtant = nevertheless
néanmoins = yet, after all
en revanche = whereas
alors que = while
alors = whereas
tandis que = while, whereas

au contraire = in the contrary
pour sa part = in turn, for his part
autant dire que = so to say
si l'on peut dire = so to say
si + Adj. + subjonctif = as + adjective + may + verb
d'une certaine manière = in a certain way
sans doute = without a doubt
maintenant que = now that
donc = thus, therefore
tant que = as much as, as many as
jusqu' alors = until then
jusqu' au moment où = until the moment that
du moment que = because of
par conséquent = owing to
en guise de conclusion = concluding
pour conclure = concluding
en conclusion = eventually
enfin = finally
mis à part = except, beside, apart from
ne ... que = only
à défaut de = failing
excepté = except
excepté que = except that
sauf = except
sinon = else
après que = after
aussitôt que / dès que = as soon as
chaque fois que = each time when
étant donné que = given that
 
12.11
12.11.1
12.11.1.1
12.11.1.2
12.11.1.3
12.11.1.4
12.11.1.5
12.11.1.6

12.11.2
12.11.2.1
12.11.2.2
12.11.2.3

12.11.3
12.11.3.1
12.11.3.2
12.11.3.3
12.11.3.4
12.11.3.5
12.11.3.6
Conjunctions with subjonctif
Wish, desire, intention
de manière que = in such a way that
de telle façon que = in such a way that
en sorte que = in such a way that
de façon que = so that
afin que... = that
pour que. = that

Conjunctions of insecurit, fear and irreality
quoi que + subjonctif = whatever + Indikativ
de peur que / de crainte que = being afraid of
sans que = without

Conditions, supposition
pourvu que = under the condition that
à moins que....n' = if not
à (la) condition que = under the condition that
en admettant que = granted that
après quoi = after which
à supposer que / supposé que = on the supposition that
 
12.11.4
12.11.4.1
12.11.4.2

12.11.5
12.11.5.1
12.11.5.2

12.11.6
12.11.6.1
12.11.6.2
12.11.6.3
12.11.6.4
12.11.6.5

12.12
12.12.1
12.12.2

12.13.1
12.13.2
Conjunctions of a non-specific time-frame
en attendant que = until
jusqu' à ce que = until

Conjunctions of irreality, fear
sans que = without that
de crainte que = out of fear

Conjunctions of contraries

bien que = although
encore que = although
au lieu que = instead of
non que = not that
quoique = although

Conjunctions with conditonel
au cas où, dans le cas où, pour le cas où = in case
dans l'hypothèse où = in case

Exercise 1: Conjunctions I
Exercise 2: Conjunctions and modi


  Chapter 13: Prepositions
13.
13.1
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.1.3
13.1.4
13.1.5
13.1.6
 
13.2
13.2.1
13.2.2
 
13.3
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
 
13.4
13.4.1
13.4.2
13.4.3
 
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
13.10.1
13.10.2
13.10.3
13.10.4
13.10.5
 
13.11
13.12
13.13
13.14
13.15
13.16
13.17
13.18
13.19
13.20
13.21
13.22
13.23
13.23.1
 
13.24
13.25
13.26
13.27
13.28
13.29
13.30
13.31
13.32
13.33
13.34
13.35
13.36
13.37
13.38
13.39
13.40
13.41
13.42
13.43
13.44
13.45.1
13.45.2
13.45.3
13.45.4
13.45.5



Prepositions
à = to, after, in, at
à for addressing indirect objects
à for expression of manner
à plus infinitive
à with expressions of time
à with expressions of place
à in figurative meaning
 
dans and en
dans and en with expressions of time
dans and en with expressions of place
 
de = of
de for formation of Genitivee
de plus infinitive
de = of (material, place)
de = of
 
en = after, in, with, within
en with expressions of place
en with expressions of means of transportation
en with certain phrases
 
après = after (metaphorical and in time)
derrière = behin
avant = before (metaphorical and in time)
devant = before (only in place, not in time)
contre = agains (also metaphorically)
depuis = since
depuis in its basic meaning
depuis and des
depuis - substition with quand
depuis = from (in place and order)
depuis - Summary
 
pendant = while
hors de = out of
à l' égard de = regarding
à force de = by
au lieu de = instead of
en face de = in front of
malgré = despite
lors de = on the occasion
outre = beside; en outre (conjunction: furthermore)
en raison de = due to
par rapport à = in relation to
près de = near / proche = close
sous = under (versus dessous)
Summary sous / dessous
 
sur = on
au delà = beyond
jusqu' à / jusqu' aux / jusqu' en = to, until
à partir de = since, for
quant à, en ce qui concerne = concerning
à la suite, a cause de, dû = because of, owing to, due to
a l' instar de = as
près = near
vers = around (only in time)
a defaut de = for lack of
suivant = following
au bout du compte = finally, eventually
auprès de = besides, in comparison to
en cas de = in case of
chez = at (only with persons and animals)                                                                                  
au cours de = in the course of
sous l' égide de = under the aegis of
d' ici à = until
par = by, through
vis-à-vis = opposite
Preposition and adverb
Exercise 1: since, from
Exercise 2: Preposition I
Exercise 3: Preposition II
Exercise 4: sous <=> dessous <=> en dessous de / sur <=> dessus <=> en dessus de
Exercise 5: Preposition III


  Chapter 14: Adverbs
14
14.1
14.1.1
14.1.2
14.1.3
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.8.1
14.8.2
14.8.2.1
14.8.2.2
14.8.2.3
14.8.2.4
14.8.2.4.1
14.8.2.4.2

14.8.3
14.8.3.1
14.8.3.2

14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12
14.13
14.13.1
14.13.2
14.13.3

14.14.1
14.14.2
14.14.3
14.14.4
14.14.5
Adverbs
Simple adverbs <=> derived adverbs
Simple adverbs
Derived adverbs
Adverbial clauses and adverbs
Classification of adverbs
Pronouns <=> adverbs <=> prepositions <=> conjunctions
Simple adverbs in French - part 1 - part 2
Interrogative adverbs
Derived adverbs in French - part 1 - part 2
Perfectly irregular adverbs - part 1 - part 2
Comparatives
English comparative
French comparative
Comparative of French adjektives
Comparative of French adverbs
Comparative of French nouns
Exceptions from the rule in French comparatives
better = meilleur (adjective), mieux (adverb)
worse = pire (adjektive), pis (adverb)

Superlative
English superlative
French superlative

Substantivation of comparatives and superlatives
Different meaning of adverb and adjektive
Très (very) and beaucoup (many, much)
Trop (too many, too much)
Important adverbs without translation in French
Almost = avoir failli

Gradually = commencer à
Hopefully = éspèrer

Exercise 1: Choose the correct option
Exercise 2: Choose the correct option
Exercise 3: pire or plus mauvais
Exercise 4: bien and bon
Exercise 5: Some important phrases


  Chapter 15: Participle, gerund and infinitive
15
15.1
15.1.1
15.2
15.2.1
15.2.2
15.2.3
15.2.3.1
15.2.3.2
15.2.3.3
15.2.3.4
15.2.3.5

15.3
15.3.1
15.3.1.1
15.3.1.2
15.3.1.3
15.3.1.4
15.3.1.5

15.4
15.5
15.6
15.6.1
15.6.2

15.7
15.7.1
15.7.1.1
15.7.1.1.1
15.7.1.1.2
Overview about the topic
English present participle
Formation and use of the English present participle
Formation and use of the present participle - comparison English vs. French
Formation of the French present participle
English present participle as adjective in attributive form
Present participle can be adverbial
... substituting conditional clauses
... in temporal clauses
... as relative clauses
... in causal subordinate clauses
... in other subordinate clauses

Perfect participle and passé composé
Use of paricipe passé
... substituting conditional clauses
... in temporal clauses
... as relative clauses
... in causal subordinate clauses
... some specialties

Formation of participe présent and of gerondif
Use of gerondif in comparison to the participe présent
Semantic differences in constructions with participe passé and participe présent
Construction aprés avoir + participe passé and ayant / étant + participe présent
Difference between a conditional clause

Flexion of participe passé
Basic rules for flexion when using particip passé
With reflexive verbs there is a difference between direct and indirect object
... with preceeding direct object (accusative object)
... with direct object (accusative object) depending on an infinitive
 
15.8
15.8.1
15.8.2
15.8.2.1
15.8.2.2
15.8.2.3
15.8.2.4
15.8.2.5
15.8.3
15.8.3.1
15.8.3.2

15.8.3.3
15.8.3.3.1
15.8.3.3.2
15.8.3.3.3
15.8.3.3.4
15.8.3.3.5

15.8.4
15.8.5
15.8.6

15.9.1
15.9.2
15.9.3
15.9.4
15.9.5
15.9.6
15.9.7
15.9.8
15.9.9
15.9.10
Constructions with infinitive
Use with modal verbs
Verbs / phrases that can require the infinitive
Infinitives connected with prepositions
Infinitives connected with de after certain verbs
Infinitives connected with de after certain phrases
Infinitives connected with à with certain verbs
Verbs connecting the infinitive without preposition
Different way of connecting an infinitives
Connections when subject is the same, exception for direct or indirect objects
Remember, whether a verb requires a direct/indirect objects and the correct preposition for connecting an infinitive
Valency of a verb
Basic rule: Infinitive and object have the same preposition
Differences in meaning of a verbs depending on the preposition - part 1 - part 2
Sometimes an infinitive construction is a must
Sometimes a subordinate clause is an alternative to the infinitive
Summary

Redundant personal pronouns
Substantivation of an infinitive - infinitive as a subject
Infinitive without subject

Exercise 1: Use the correct preposition
Exercise 2: Choose the correct pronoun
Exercise 3: Savoir or pouvoir?
Exercise 4: Conditional clauses
Exercise 5: Choose between particip présent and gerondif
Exercise 6: Relative clauses
Exercise 7: Change the causal clauses according to the scheme
Exercise 8: Temporal clauses
Exercise 9: Conditional clauses with participe passé
Exercise 10: Conditional clauses with participe présent and participe passé

   
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Chapter: 1-5 | 6-10 | 11-15 | 16-20