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| Chapter 11: Relative clauses |
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11
11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
11.1.4
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.2.4
11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.2.1
11.3.2.1.1
11.3.2.1.2
11.3.2.2
11.3.2.3
11.4
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.5
11.5
11.5.1
11.5.2
11.5.3
11.5.4
11.5.5
11.5.6
11.5.6.1
11.5.6.2
11.5.6.3
11.5.6.4
11.5.6.5
11.5.6.6
11.5.6.7
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.8.1
11.9
11.9.1
11.9.2
11.10
11.10.1
11.10.2
11.10.3
11.10.4
11.10.5
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Relative clauses
Introduction
Competing systems within the relative pronouns
Function of the relative pronoun needs to be considered
Relative pronouns can refer to one noun or a context
Relative pronouns in connection with prepositions
Relative pronouns qui and que
Relative pronoun is subject of the relative clause: qui
Preposition and relative pronoun
Relative pronoun is direct object of the relative clause: que
Preposition + que
Relative pronouns : lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles
Formation of relative pronouns: lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lequelles
Use of relative pronouns: lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles
Qui is only seldom substituted by lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles
...in the non-restrictive relative clause
...differences in non-restrictive and restrictive relative clauses
lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles cannot be direct object of the relative clause
lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles in connection with a preposition
Relative pronoun dont
dont in the meaning of whose
dont in the meaning of about which / about + artcle
dont in the meaning of of which / of + article
dont in the meaning of among which
dont in the meaning of on + article / for + article / before + article
Substitutions - dont , duquel / de laquelle / desquels / desquelles, de qui
When dont substitutes de of an opening phrase
When dont is used as whose
When dont is used as of which / of + article
When dont is used with any other preposition except de
Special cases for references
Summary substitutions
Examples group a)
Examples group b)
Examples group c)
Examples group d)
Examples group e)
Examples group f)
Examples group g)
Où as relative pronoun
dont , où, dans lequel / laquelle / lesquels / lesquelles, que
Quoi as relative pronoun
Quoi for referring of something not belonging to the sentence structure
Referring to something indefinite celui / celle / ceux / celles
... first pattern
... second patterns
Exerciseen
Exercise1: Subject or direct object
Exercise 2: Dative
Exercise 3: Relative pronouns with prepositions
Exercise 4: Relative pronouns with context
Exercise 5: ce, quelque chose, la seule chose, tout, rien
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12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3
12.3.4
12.3.5
12.3.6
12.3.7
12.3.8
12.3.9
12.3.10
12.3.11
12.3.12
12.4
12.4.1
12.4.2
12.4.3
12.4.4
12.4.5
12.4.6
12.4.7
12.4.8
12.4.9
12.4.10
12.4.11
12.4.12
12.4.13
12.4.14
12.4.15
12.4.16
12.4.17
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Conjunctions
Conjunctions, adverbs, pronouns
Simple and compound conjunctions
Conjunctions of numeration, choice, exception
et = and
de plus = what's more, moreover, furthermore
en plus = what's more, moreover, furthermore
en outre = what's more, moreover, furthermore
outre que = except
non seulement. mais encore = not only ... but also
non seulement. mais assi = not only ... but also
de surcroît = moreover, furthermore, as well
d'ailleurs = apart from that
ou = or
ou... ou... = either ... or
ou bien = either ... or...
Adverbs and adverbial clauses that can - like conjunctions - form logical structures
en fait = basically
tout au moins = at least
au moins = at least
tout au plus = at most
plus exactement = more precisely
à vrai dire = more precisely
c'est ainsi que = on this route
ainsi que = as, like
c'est le cas de = that's the case
en particulier = especially
notamment = especially
à ce propos = regarding
mieux encore = in other words
autrement dit = differently said
en d'autres termes = in other words
en effet = in fact
c'est ainsi que = so |
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12.5
12.5.1
12.5.2
12.5.3
12.5.4
12.5.5
12.5.6
12.5.7
12.5.8
12.5.9
12.5.10
12.5.11
12.5.12
12.5.13
12.5.14
12.5.15
12.5.16
12.6
12.6.1
12.6.2
12.6.3
12.6.4
12.6.5
12.6.6
12.6.7
12.6.8
12.6.9
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Conjunctions creating connections and comparisons
autant que = exactly like
d' autant plus ... que = the ... the
de même que / aussie bien que = as well as
de la même façon = the same way
parallèlement = in parallel
pareillement / de même = likewise, equally
par analogie = analogue
d'une part... d'autre part = on the one hand ... on the other
suivant que = depending on
surtout que = especially, since
en tant que = as
selon = according to
plus que = more than
dans la mesure où = thus far
à mesure que = as
au fur et à mesure que = equally
Conjunctions of cause
car = because, since
parce que = because, since
puisque = as, since
comme = as
ainsi = hence
non (pas) parce que = not because
par grâce à = thanks to
en raison de = due to
c'est pourquoi = because of, based on
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12.7
12.7.1
12.7.2
12.7.3
12.8
12.8.1
12.8.2
12.8.3
12.8.4
12.8.5
12.8.6
12.9
12.9.1
12.9.2
12.9.3
12.9.4
12.9.5
12.9.6
12.9.7
12.9.8
12.9.9
12.9.10
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Conjunctions of condition
si = if
lorsque = when
si ... que = in case ... then
Conjunctions of effect
au point que = in such a way that /so that
tant et si bien que = in such a way that / so that
du fait de = base on
si bien que = so that
en conséquence = therefore
sous prétexte que = under the pretext
Conjunktionen of time and sequence
quand = when
au moment où = in the moment when
depuis que = since
premièrement, deuxièmement = first, second
puis = then
ensuite = then
avant tout, d'abord = above all
en premier lieu = firstly, above all
a peine... que = hardly
après avoir souligné = after stressing that... |
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12.10
12.10.1
12.10.2
12.10.3
12.10.4
12.10.5
12.10.6
12.10.7
12.10.8
12.10.9
12.10.10
12.10.11
12.10.12
12.10.13
12.10.14
12.10.15
12.10.16
12.10.17
12.10.18
12.10.19
12.10.20
12.10.21
12.10.22
12.10.23
12.10.24
12.10.25
12.10.26
12.10.27
12.10.28
12.10.29
12.10.30
12.10.31
12.10.32
12.10.33
12.10.34
12.10.35
12.10.36
12.10.37
12.10.38
12.10.39
12.10.40
12.10.41
12.10.42
12.10.43
12.10.44
12.10.45
12.10.46
12.10.47
12.10.48
12.10.49
12.10.50
12.10.51
12.10.52
12.10.53
12.10.54
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Conjunctions of contradiction and doubt
malgré = despite
en dépit de = despite
quelque soit = however
même si = even if
au lieu de = instead of
loin de = far from
toutefois = however
peut-être = maybe, possibly
après avoir souligné = after stressing that
ou... ou = either ... or
l' un ... l' autre = the one ... the other
d' autre part = on the other hand
voire, même = even
non seulement ... mais encore = not only ... but also
mais en réalité = but in reality
plutôt que = instead of
d'un côté. de l'autre ... = on the one side, on the other side
mais = but
cependant = meanwhile
pourtant = nevertheless
néanmoins = yet, after all
en revanche = whereas
alors que = while
alors = whereas
tandis que = while, whereas
au contraire = in the contrary
pour sa part = in turn, for his part
autant dire que = so to say
si l'on peut dire = so to say
si + Adj. + subjonctif = as + adjective + may + verb
d'une certaine manière = in a certain way
sans doute = without a doubt
maintenant que = now that
donc = thus, therefore
tant que = as much as, as many as
jusqu' alors = until then
jusqu' au moment où = until the moment that
du moment que = because of
par conséquent = owing to
en guise de conclusion = concluding
pour conclure = concluding
en conclusion = eventually
enfin = finally
mis à part = except, beside, apart from
ne ... que = only
à défaut de = failing
excepté = except
excepté que = except that
sauf = except
sinon = else
après que = after
aussitôt que / dès que = as soon as
chaque fois que = each time when
étant donné que = given that |
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12.11
12.11.1
12.11.1.1
12.11.1.2
12.11.1.3
12.11.1.4
12.11.1.5
12.11.1.6
12.11.2
12.11.2.1
12.11.2.2
12.11.2.3
12.11.3
12.11.3.1
12.11.3.2
12.11.3.3
12.11.3.4
12.11.3.5
12.11.3.6
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Conjunctions with subjonctif
Wish, desire, intention
de manière que = in such a way that
de telle façon que = in such a way that
en sorte que = in such a way that
de façon que = so that
afin que... = that
pour que. = that
Conjunctions of insecurit, fear and irreality
quoi que + subjonctif = whatever + Indikativ
de peur que / de crainte que = being afraid of
sans que = without
Conditions, supposition
pourvu que = under the condition that
à moins que....n' = if not
à (la) condition que = under the condition that
en admettant que = granted that
après quoi = after which
à supposer que / supposé que = on the supposition that |
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12.11.4
12.11.4.1
12.11.4.2
12.11.5
12.11.5.1
12.11.5.2
12.11.6
12.11.6.1
12.11.6.2
12.11.6.3
12.11.6.4
12.11.6.5
12.12
12.12.1
12.12.2
12.13.1
12.13.2 |
Conjunctions of a non-specific time-frame
en attendant que = until
jusqu' à ce que = until
Conjunctions of irreality, fear
sans que = without that
de crainte que = out of fear
Conjunctions of contraries
bien que = although
encore que = although
au lieu que = instead of
non que = not that
quoique = although
Conjunctions with conditonel
au cas où, dans le cas où, pour le cas où = in case
dans l'hypothèse où = in case
Exercise 1: Conjunctions I
Exercise 2: Conjunctions and modi
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| 13. |
| 13.1 |
| 13.1.1 |
| 13.1.2 |
| 13.1.3 |
| 13.1.4 |
| 13.1.5 |
| 13.1.6 |
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| 13.2 |
| 13.2.1 |
| 13.2.2 |
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| 13.3 |
| 13.3.1 |
| 13.3.2 |
| 13.3.3 |
| 13.3.4 |
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| 13.4 |
| 13.4.1 |
| 13.4.2 |
| 13.4.3 |
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| 13.5 |
| 13.6 |
| 13.7 |
| 13.8 |
| 13.9 |
| 13.10 |
| 13.10.1 |
| 13.10.2 |
| 13.10.3 |
| 13.10.4 |
| 13.10.5 |
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| 13.11 |
| 13.12 |
| 13.13 |
| 13.14 |
| 13.15 |
| 13.16 |
| 13.17 |
| 13.18 |
| 13.19 |
| 13.20 |
| 13.21 |
| 13.22 |
| 13.23 |
| 13.23.1 |
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| 13.24 |
| 13.25 |
| 13.26 |
| 13.27 |
| 13.28 |
| 13.29 |
| 13.30 |
| 13.31 |
| 13.32 |
| 13.33 |
| 13.34 |
| 13.35 |
| 13.36 |
| 13.37 |
| 13.38 |
| 13.39 |
| 13.40 |
| 13.41 |
| 13.42 |
| 13.43 |
| 13.44 |
| 13.45.1 |
| 13.45.2 |
| 13.45.3 |
| 13.45.4 |
| 13.45.5 |
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| Prepositions |
| à = to, after, in, at |
| à for addressing indirect objects |
| à for expression of manner |
| à plus infinitive |
| à with expressions of time |
| à with expressions of place |
| à in figurative meaning |
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| dans and en |
| dans and en with expressions of time |
| dans and en with expressions of place |
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| de = of |
| de for formation of Genitivee |
| de plus infinitive |
| de = of (material, place) |
| de = of |
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| en = after, in, with, within |
| en with expressions of place |
| en with expressions of means of transportation |
| en with certain phrases |
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| après = after (metaphorical and in time) |
| derrière = behin |
| avant = before (metaphorical and in time) |
| devant = before (only in place, not in time) |
| contre = agains (also metaphorically) |
| depuis = since |
| depuis in its basic meaning |
| depuis and des |
| depuis - substition with quand |
| depuis = from (in place and order) |
| depuis - Summary |
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| pendant = while |
| hors de = out of |
| à l' égard de = regarding |
| à force de = by |
| au lieu de = instead of |
| en face de = in front of |
| malgré = despite |
| lors de = on the occasion |
| outre = beside; en outre (conjunction: furthermore) |
| en raison de = due to |
| par rapport à = in relation to |
| près de = near / proche = close |
| sous = under (versus dessous) |
| Summary sous / dessous |
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| sur = on |
| au delà = beyond |
| jusqu' à / jusqu' aux / jusqu' en = to, until |
| à partir de = since, for |
| quant à, en ce qui concerne = concerning |
| à la suite, a cause de, dû = because of, owing to, due to |
| a l' instar de = as |
| près = near |
| vers = around (only in time) |
| a defaut de = for lack of |
| suivant = following |
| au bout du compte = finally, eventually |
| auprès de = besides, in comparison to |
| en cas de = in case of |
chez = at (only with persons and animals)  |
| au cours de = in the course of |
| sous l' égide de = under the aegis of |
| d' ici à = until |
| par = by, through |
| vis-à-vis = opposite |
| Preposition and adverb |
| Exercise 1: since, from |
| Exercise 2: Preposition I |
| Exercise 3: Preposition II |
| Exercise 4: sous <=> dessous <=> en dessous de / sur <=> dessus <=> en dessus de |
| Exercise 5: Preposition III |
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| Chapter 15: Participle, gerund and infinitive |
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